公众参与在重大社会事务决策中扮演着重要的角色。公众参与的目的是为了确保决策过程的公正、透明和可持续，并使受影响的公众有机会表达意见、提供反馈和参与决策。

然而，公众参与问题也存在一些挑战和考虑因素：

1. 参与范围和代表性：如何确保广泛、多样化的公众有机会参与决策过程？应该采取哪些机制来代表不同利益群体的声音和意见？

2. 信息传递和沟通：如何向公众传达足够的信息，使其能够全面了解决策的背景、目的、影响以及可选方案的利弊？如何确保信息的准确性和透明度？

3. 权力平衡和意见整合：在决策过程中，如何平衡不同利益群体之间的权力和利益冲突？如何整合不同的意见和建议，以寻求共识和可行性方案？

4. 决策权威和实际影响：公众参与是否仅仅是一种表面上的参与，而实际决策权还是掌握在政府或其他决策机构手中？如何确保公众的意见和反馈能够真正影响最终的决策结果？

5. 时间和资源限制：公众参与需要时间、资源和人力投入。如何在决策过程中合理分配这些资源，并确保公众参与的可持续性？

为了解决这些问题，可以采取以下措施：

• 建立有效的信息沟通机制，包括使用多种渠道向公众提供信息，如公告、研究报告、公众听证会等，以确保信息的广泛传播和透明度。
• 制定明确的参与规则和程序，确保公众参与的可预测性和透明度，并确保代表性，包括多种形式的参与，如问卷调查、公众听证会、专家咨询等。
• 建立包容性的决策平台，使公众可以展示他们的观点和建议，并确保这些意见得到认真评估和考虑。
• 强调教育和宣传，提高公众对社会事务的意识和理解，以更好地参与决策过程。
• 加强监督和评估机制，对公众参与过程和结果进行评估，以确保公众参与的效果和可持续性。

综上所述，公众参与是重大社会事务决策过程中不可或缺的一部分。通过建立有效的参与机制和保障措施，可以实现决策的民主性、公正性和可持续性。

        

 

II. Reading comprehension(Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.10%):

21 22 23 24 25

   

 

III. Translate the following paragraph into English (Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet 20%)

1 2 3 4 5

   

6 7 8 9 10

   

IV. Translate the following paragraph into English (Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet 20%)

诗比散文难写，这是事实。散文之所以比较容易写，是因为它更接近我们口中的语言。可以说，散文是加过工的口语。我们都会说话，而且说的是散文，不是韵文。在日常交谈的时候，我们的话语难免层次不分明，用词未尽妥当，因为随想随说，来不及好好思索、细细推敲，也就是欠加工。那么，我们既会说话，如果再会加工，就会写出较好的散文来。

 

 

 

 

V. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.(Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet. 20%)

 

In an earlier study of the family, I took as given that in general a nation’s family structure determines the kind of society it will have, and that any attempts to change or improve the society must begin with changing the family. Six years latter now, I have come to feel that, paradoxically, although some kind of family structure may be indispensable to societal functioning, it is the society that determines what the family will be, and not the other way around.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

《高级英语三》期末考试A卷

姓名：                     专业：

学号：                     学习中心：

成绩：

 

 

I. Among the four choices, choose the one that is the closest in meaning to the italicized word.（30%）

1. He hurled the statue to the floor with such force that it shattered.

a. dropped      b. pulled

c. pushed       d. threw

2. Since he had never been in such a situation before, his apprehension was understandable:

a. eagerness       b. fear 

c.hesitation       d. excitement

3. He is the most intrepid explorer in the present century:

a. successful     b. fearless  

c. reliable       d. enthusiastic

4. Your mood seems very meditative this evening.

a. Gleeful  b. thoughtful  c. desperate  d. stern

5. Walking a tightrope across the falls was a foolhardy venture.

a. shrewd    b. gallant  c. rash     d. amazing

6. The fourth year sociology class was a homogeneous group of university students:

a. uniform            b. average 

c. unrelated          d. distinguishable

7. placid as a cow:

a. calm  b. strong  c. enormous  d. irritable

8. wanton mischief:

a. great   b. sly   c. reckless   d. mysterious

9. To coerce a guard:

a. beg      b. punish  c.release   d. compel by force

10. a thousand-feet-deep abyss:

a. hole    b. mine

c. bottomless chasm   d. ocean

11. If a manufacturer has to charge exorbitantly for his product, he will lose business.

a. excessively     b. reasonably

c. relentlessly      d. inexpensively

12. You may be athletic, but a monkey is more agile.

a. clever     b. nimble  

c. stupid   d. quick

13. The king enjoyed the sycophantic attentions of his followers:

a. quiet                b. servilely flattering 

c. frolicsome           d. eagerly awaiting

14. Neon is an inert gas. It will not combine chemically with anything.

a. An inactive    b. an active  

c. an important   d. a useful

15. The students exulted at the last day of school.

a. were downcast   b. rejoiced

c.left             d. stayed

16. He was famous for his repartee and his sarcasm.

a. Witty retort   b. will full departure 

c. monologue  d. sacrifice

17. After years of delay the problem has now become urgent.

a. procrastination   b. dilation

c. dilution         d. prolonging

18. Being given a knighthood marked a significant point in his career.

a. millstone    b. yardstick

c. milestone     d. signpost

19. pungent quips:

a. sharp       b. foolish

c. dull         d. mild

20.To satiate one’s appetite:

a. whet  b. satisfy to excess   c. spoil  d. moderate

II.Reading comprehension(Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.10%):

The relationship between the home and market economics has gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e.g.  clothmaking, sewing, and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes were laborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident- the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e.g. electricity and electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional ways of taking care of these needs in the home, such as nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable( and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy toe either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in customer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. The neoclassical model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second ( and current ) stage.

21. The reason why many production processes were taken over 

   by the marketplace was that ____.

A. it was a necessary step in the process of 

     industrialization

B. they depended on electricity available only to the

market economy

C. it was troublesome to produce such goods in the home

D. the marketplace was more efficient with respect to

   these processes

22.  It can be seem from the passage that in the second stage _______.

   A. some traditional goods and services were not successful when provided by the home economy

   B. the market economy provided new goods and services never produced by the home economy

C. producing traditional goods at home became socially   

unacceptable

    D.whether new goods and services were produced by the  

home economy became irrelevant

23. During the second stage, if the family wanted to consume new goods and services, they had to enter the marketplace _____.

   A. as wage earners

   B. both as manufacturers and consumers

   C. both as workers and purchasers

   D. as consumers

24. Economic growth did not make it more flexible for the home economy to obtain the new goods and services because _____.

   A. the family was not efficient in production  

   B. it was illegal for the home economy to produce them

   C. it could not supply them by itself

   D. the market for these goods and services was limited

25. The neoclassical model is basically a model of the first stage, because at this stage ____.

   A．the family could rely either on the home economy or on the marketplace for the needed goods and services

   B. many production processes were being transferred to   

    the marketplace

   C. consumers relied more and more on the market economy

   D. the family could decide how to transfer production processes to the marketplace

III.Fill in the blank with the proper word given (Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet. 20%)

Leaves, imagination, art, works, shaped, reason, feminine, consists, issued, make, take, men

Women, it is said, have some specifically ___1___contribution to ___2____ to culture.Unfortunately, as culture has already been  ___3__ and largely built up by men before the invitation was ____4__ , this ___5___ women little to do. Culture ____6___ of reasoned thought and ___7___ of art composed of cogent feelings and  __8__. There is only on way to be reasonable, and that is to __9__ correctly, and the only kind of __10__ which is any good is good art.

IV. Translate the following paragraph into English (Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet 20%)

诗比散文难写，这是事实。散文之所以比较容易写，是因为它更接近我们口中的语言。可以说，散文是加过工的口语。我们都会说话，而且说的是散文，不是韵文。在日常交谈的时候，我们的话语难免层次不分明，用词未尽妥当，因为随想随说，来不及好好思索、细细推敲，也就是欠加工。那么，我们既会说话，如果再会加工，就会写出较好的散文来。

V. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.(Please write down your answer on the Answer Sheet. 20%)

In an earlier study of the family, I took as given that in general a nation’s family structure determines the kind of society it will have, and that any attempts to change or improve the society must begin with changing the family. Six years latter now, I have come to feel that, paradoxically, although some kind of family structure may be indispensable to societal functioning, it is the society that determines what the family will be, and not the other way around.